APA Style Guide

APA STYLE GUIDE

The American Psychological Association (APA) has developed guidelines for the written presentation of research.  The complete rules appear in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6^th ed. (shelved in the Reference Section and at the Circulation Desk).  Examples of types of commonly cited works appear below.  Please check with your instructor for more specific information.

General Information

• Use a separate page for your reference list.
• Use 12 point Times Roman or Courier type. 
• Arrange citations alphabetically by author’s last name.
• Double space within all entries.
• Use hanging indents.  See the Publication Manual of the APA, section 8.03 for instructions.

Citing Sources in Text

            APA uses the author-date system for citations in the text of your paper.  These citations refer the reader to the Reference List at the end of the paper.  Below are examples of in-text citations:          

·         One Work by One Author- Viviano (1995) sees advantages in this line of defense.

·         One Work by Multiple Authors- Viviano, Smith, and Johnson (1994) found that native people have little to lose by adopting these practices.

·         Groups as Authors- (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999) have taken a somewhat different approach.

References

            The Reference list appears at the end of your paper and should include only the sources used in the research and preparation of the paper.  Each reference in the Reference List should be directly cited in the text. Detailed information on preparing a Reference List can be found in The Publication Manual of the APA—see chapter 6 for detailed information on how to cite different types of materials, and see chapter 7 for detailed information on formatting the Reference List—or Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)  http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

Helpful websites: Guides to APA style

JCTC’s Research Guide on Citations <http://jefferson.kctcs.libguides.com/citations>

APA Style web site “Electronic References” <http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html>

University of Iowa.  Guide to Citation Style Guides <http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html>

University of Maryland University Libraries < http://www.umuc.edu/library/guides/apa.shtml >

More helpful websites: Input and print citations

EasyBib <http://www.easybib.com/> (Note: Must pay for subscription to use APA)

KnightCite Citation Service <http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php>

Son of Citation Machine < http://citationmachine.net/>

Print Sources

Books, Book Chapters and Entries in Anthologies

Book with a single author:

Author last name, Author first name initial. (Year published). Title of book. City where published: Company that published.

Von Borries, P. (2010). The Louisville baseball almanac. Charleston, SC: The History Press.

Book with two or more authors (but less than six authors):

Author last name, Author first name initial, & 2^nd Author last name, First name initial. (Year published). Title of book. City where published: Company that published.

Firestone, R.W., & Catlett, J. (1999). Fear of intimacy. Washington, DC: American

 Psychological Association.

Article or individual chapter in a book:

Article author last name, First initial. (Year published). Title of article or chapter. In Book author’s first initial. Last name, Title of book (page numbers). City where published: Company that published.

Vigil, J.D. (2005).  Young people join gangs because of social marginalization. In W. Dudley and L.I. Gerdes (Eds.), Gangs: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 79-89).  Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press.

Encyclopedias

Entry with a named author:

Author last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In Name of encyclopedia (Vol. #, page #). City where published: Company that published.

Calabrese, R.L. (2000). Alienation.  In Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 116-118). New

York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Entry without a named author:

Entry title. (Year published). In Name of encyclopedia (Vol. #). City where published: Company that published.

Egoism. (2010). In The new encyclopedia Britannica: Micropedia (Vol. 4). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Magazine, Journal and Newspaper Articles

A periodical is a publication that appears regularly at a fixed interval (e.g. a newspaper, a magazine or a scholarly journal). Names of newspapers should be properly capitalized and underlined or italicized.  Use p. or pp. before single or multiple page numbers respectively. Separate discontinuous pages with a comma.  For example, the article below started on page B1 and continued on page B7. 

Print Magazine:

Author last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine title, volume #(issue #), page numbers.

Sanneh, K. (2011, March 7). Fish tales.  New Yorker, 25(3), 38-43.

Print Journal article:

Author  last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal title, volume#(issue#), page #.

Rosenblum, S., Sachs, D., & Schreuer, N. (2010). Reliability and validity of the children’s leisure assessment scale. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64(4), 633-641.

Newspaper Entry with author:

Author last name, First name initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper Title, page#.

Norris, F. (2011, April 22).  After years of red flags, a conviction.  The New York Times, pp. B1, B7.

Newspaper Entry without author:

Article title. (Year published). Newspaper Title, page #.

Air controller suspended for watching DVD on job. (2011, April 19). The Courier-Journal, p. A6.

Electronic Sources

Books and Encyclopedias

Electronic book (from a source such as NetLibrary, Google Books or an e-Reader):

Author last name, First name initial. (Year published). Title of book. Retrieved from URL

Bell-Vilada, G.H. (2009). Garcia Marquez: The man and his work (2nd ed.). [Ebrary version]. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/

Skloot, R. (2010) The immortal life of Henrietta Lacks. [Kindle version]. Available from Amazon.com 

Electronic Encyclopedia found through subscription database:

Author last name, First name initial. (Year published). Entry title. Name of encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://someaddress.com/

Mussen, P. (2011). Psychology. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved from

http://ea.grolier.com/

Wikipedia (may not be accepted by your instructor):

Title of document.  (Date published). Retrieved from http://someaddress.com/full/URL

Mountaintop removal mining. (2004, July 22). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/

Journal, Magazine & Newspaper Articles

Please note, that while many online services offer citation tools for their articles, these citations are not 100% accurate. That is why it is important to check generated citations for accuracy.

Electronic Magazine article found through a subscription database:

Author last name, First name initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine title, volume#(issue#), page #.

Borowitz, A. (2004, November 15). Pavlov’s brother. New Yorker, 80(35), 63.

Electronic Journal article found through a subscription database:

Author  last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal title, volume#(issue#), page #.

Hughes, J., Brestan, E., Christens, B., Klinger, L., & Valle, L. (2004). Problem-solving interactions between mothers and children. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16.

***Recent changes in APA style call for the use of a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).  If no DOI is available, use a URL. Your instructor may ask you to use DOIs in accordance with the latest APA changes.

Entry with DOI inclusion:

Sagarin, B.J., & Lawler-Sagarin, K.A. (2005). Critically evaluating competing theories: An exercise based on the Kitty Genovese murder. Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 167-169. doi:10.1207/s15328023top3203_8

Entry from an online newspaper:

Author last name, First name initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from http://someaddress.com/

Carpenter, S. (2001, October). Sleep deprivation may be undermining teen health.  APA Monitor. 

Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/

Newspaper article found on a subscription database:

Author last name, First Name initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper Title, page#. Retrieved from http://someaddress.com/

Markoff, J. (2011, April 26). Digging deeper, seeing farther: supercomputers alter science. New York Times, p. D.1.

Films and Video-recordings

Motion Picture:

Producer last name, First initial. (Producer) & Director last name, First initial. (Director). (Year released). Title of film [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio.

Rosellini, A. & Madigan-Yorkin, A. (Producers) & Granik, D. (Director). (2010). Winter’s bone [Motion Picture]. United States: Lionsgate.

Films on Demand:

Title of video. (Year released). [Medium]. Retrieved from Database's URL on the web

Accepting Life's Transitions. (1998). [Online video]. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com

Online Sources

Citing online sources can be confusing.  Refer to the Publication Manual of the APA or Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) for details on citing various electronic sources including e-mail and web pages. 

Web Page (author):

Author last name, First initial. (Date). Web page title. Retrieved from URL

Roudik, P. (2011, February 9).  Russian federation: New law on police.  Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/

Web Page (no author):

Web page title. (Date). Retrieved from URL

What is Alzheimer’s. (2011, April 20). Retrieved from http://www.alz.org/

Chapter or section on a Web Page:

Name of organization. (Date). Web page chapter or section title. In Web Page Title. Retrieved from URL.

National Institute of Mental Health. (2009, January 23). What conditions can coexist with ADHD? In Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/

 

MLA Style Guide

MLA STYLE GUIDE

The Modern Language Association has developed guidelines for documenting sources of research. The complete rules appear in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7^th edition (shelved at the Reference Desk). Examples of types of commonly cited works appear below.

General Information

• Start your Works Cited list on a new page (use a Page Break in your document).
• Arrange citations alphabetically by author’s last name.
• Double space your paper, including the Works Cited page.
• Use hanging indents.  See MLA Handbook or instructions.

Citing Sources in Text

            MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. These citations refer the reader to the Works Cited List at the end of your paper.  Below are examples of in-text citations: 

• One Work by One Author- Television coverage of presidential elections changed dramatically between 1968 and 1988 (Hallin 5).
• One Work by Multiple Authors- Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).

·         Unknown Author- An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional ("Wordsworth Is a Loser" 100).

Works Cited

            The Works Cited list appears at the end of your paper and should contain citations for all the works you cite in your text.  Details on how to prepare a Works Cited list are found in the MLA Handbook (129) or Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/.>

Web Resources For Citation Styles:

JCTC’s Research Guide on Citations <http://jefferson.kctcs.libguides.com/citations>

University of Iowa Guide to Citation Style Guides <http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html>

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ >

Input and print citations:

EasyBib <http://www.easybib.com/>

KnightCite Citation Service <http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php>

Son of Citation Machine < http://citationmachine.net/>

Print Sources

Books, Book Chapters and Entries in Anthologies

Book with a single author follows this format:

Author last name, first name. Title of Book in Italics: Subtitle of Book. City where published: Company that published, year published. Medium.

Tannen, Deborah. You Were Always Mom's Favorite!: Sisters in Conversation Throughout Their Lives. New York: Random House, 2009. Print.

Book with two or more authors (but less than six authors) follows this format:

Author last name, first name and 2nd author’s first name then last name. Title of Book in Italics: Subtitle of Book. City where published: Company that published, year published. Medium.

Simon, Rita J. and Rhonda M. Roorda. In Their Siblings' Voices: White Non-Adopted Siblings Talk About Their Experiences Being Raised With Black and Biracial Brothers and Sisters. New York: Columbia UP, 2009. Print.

Article or individual chapter in a book follows this format:

Author last name, first name. “Chapter Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Book in Italics: Subtitle of Book. City where published: Company that published, year published. Pages for chapter. Medium.

Conley, Dalton. "Love is a Pie." The Pecking Order: Which Siblings Succeed and Why. New York: Pantheon, 2004. 54-73. Print.

Encyclopedias

Entry with a named author:       

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of  Encyclopedia in Italics. Edition. Medium.

Economides, Michael J.  “Petroleum.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 2011 ed.  Print.

Entry without a named author:

 “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Encyclopedia in Italics. Edition. Medium.

“Exxon Mobile Corporation.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 2011 ed.  Print.

Entry from a specialized encyclopedia (not World Book or Britannica):

Last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Encyclopedia in Italics: Subtitle. City where published: Company that published, Year published.  Page numbers. Medium.

Wenz, Peter S. "Environmental Ethics." Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Donald M. Borchert.  2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. 258-261. Print.

Magazine, Journal and Newspaper Articles:

A periodical is a publication that appears regularly at a fixed interval (e.g. a newspaper, a magazine or a scholarly journal). Use this format if you have a physical copy of the article. If you have a PDF, ask your instructor if you should use this format or the electronic format.

Print Magazine article:

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Magazine in Italics date published as DD Mon. YYYY: Page numbers. Medium.

Rowley, Barbara and Amy Roberts. "The Joy of Reading." Parenting  Sept. 2006: 88. Print.

Print Journal article:

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Journal in Italics Volume number.Issue number (Year published in parentheses): Page numbers. Medium.

Hoffman, Jessica L. “Looking Back and Looking Forward: Lessons Learned from Early Reading First.” Childhood Education: Infancy Through Early Adolescence 87.1 (2010): 8-16. Print.

Print Newspaper article with a named author (signed):

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Newspaper in Italics date published as DD Mon. YYYY, Edition: Page number. Medium.

Banchero, Stephanie. "Students Score Poorly on Science Test." Wall Street Journal 26 Jan. 2011, Eastern ed.: A2.  Print.

Entry without a named author (unsigned):

 “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of newspaper in Italics date published as DD Mon. YYYY, Edition: Page number. Medium.

“Where Schools Fall Short.”  New York Times 5 Dec. 2011, late ed.: A26. Print.

Electronic Sources

Books and Encyclopedias:

Electronic Book (from a source such as eBrary, Google Books or an e-Reader):

Author last name, first name. Title of Book in Italics: Subtitle of Book. City where published: Company that published, Year. Database source in Italics. Medium. Date book accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

Hoffman, Saul D. and Rebecca A. Maynard, eds. Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social
Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2008.
Google Books. Web. 20 Jan. 2011 .

Engelbrecht, Tracy. The Girl Who Couldn't Say No: Memoir of a Teenage Mom. Johannesburg, South Africa: Oshun, 2007.  Kindle file.

Electronic General Encyclopedia:

“Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Encyclopedia in Italics. Edition. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

"Ali, Muhammad." Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2011. Web. 20 Jan. 2011.

Electronic Specialized Encyclopedia found via a subscription database (like Credo or Access Science):

Author Last Name, First name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Encyclopedia in Italics: Subtitle. City where published: Company that published, Year published. Database source in Italics. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

Evensen, Bruce J. "Boxing." Encyclopedia of Urban America: The Cities and Suburbs. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1998. Credo Reference. Web. 2 Dec. 2011.

Wikipedia (may not be accepted by your instructor):

“Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Website in Italics. Company that published website, Date last revised as DD Mon. Year. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

"The Rumble in the Jungle." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Films or Videorecordings:

Film (as seen in theater):

Title of Movie in Italics. Dir. First Name Last Name. Perf. First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, etc. Movie distributor, Year released. Format.

 Avatar. Dir. James Cameron. Perf. Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana and Sigourney Weaver. Twentieth Century Fox, 2009. Film.

DVD or Videorecording (VHS):

Title of Movie in Italics. Dir. First Name Last Name. Perf. First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name, etc. Year movie released. Movie distributor, Year DVD released. Format.

 The Blind Side. Dir. John Lee Hancock. Perf. Quinton Aaron, Sandra Bullock and Tim McGraw. 2009. Warner Home Video, 2010. DVD.

Video from a database (such as Films on Demand *Films on Demand Citation Generator produces an INVALID MLA citation!):

Title of Video. Video producer, Year produced. Database source. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

Antibiotics: The Double-Edged Sword. Films Media Group, 2003. Films On Demand. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Video on the web (such as from YouTube)

Video Title in Italics. Narrator or Director’s First Name Last name. Title of Website in Italics. Website publishing company, date published as DD Mon. Year. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

 Introduction to Hinduism (Part 1/5). Narr. Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami. YouTube. YouTube, 13 Mar. 2009. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Journal Articles and Newspapers in subscription databases:

Many subscription databases will format citations for you. Look for words like “Citation Tools” or “Cite” or “Cite This” or “Citation” and pick the MLA format. However, these tools are not 100 percent accurate. It is always best to proofread any citations formatted by a database.

Electronic Magazine article:

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Magazine in Italics date published as DD Mon. YYYY: Page numbers. Database source in Italics. Medium. Date accessed written as DD Mon. YYYY.

Interlandi, Jeneen. "Are We Running Out of Antibiotics?” Newsweek, 13 Dec. 2010: 46-50. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Jan. 2011.

Electronic Journal article:

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Journal in Italics Volume number.Issue number (Year published): Page numbers. Database source in Italics. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

Torpy, Janet. "Coughs, Colds, and Antibiotics." JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association (2003).  Academic OneFile. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Electronic Newspaper article:

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Newspaper in Italics [Newspaper city if not in title] date published written as DD Mon. Year, edition: Page number. Database source in Italics. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

Carter, Darla.  "Dirty Little Secret In Your Soap? Chemical Triclosan Raises Questions." The Courier-Journal [Louisville, KY] 27 May. 2010, Metro ed.: D1.  ProQuest. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Online Sources – the WEB

When citing electronic sources, some elements may be missing or must be translated into elements that make sense. For example, instead of an author's name there may only be a login name or instead of a title, there may only be a filename.  When in doubt it is better to give too much identifying information about the website than too little. For additional information, check the MLA Handbook or Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL).

Web Page or Report on a Web Page with named author (signed):

Author last name, first name. “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Website in Italics. Website publishing company, date published as DD Mon. Year. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

Pasnau, Robert. "The Islamic Scholar Who Gave Us Modern Philosophy." Humanities. The National Endowment for the Humanities, Nov.-Dec. 2011. Web. 07 Dec. 2011.

Web Page or Report on a Web Page with unnamed author (unsigned):

 “Article Title in Quotation Marks.” Title of Website in Italics. Website publishing company, date published as DD Mon. Year. Medium. Date accessed as DD Mon. YYYY.

"Fundamental Buddhism Explained Summary." Fundamental Buddhism Explained. Buddhist Instruction Ministry, 1997. Web. 23 Mar. 2005.